Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Size and Forecasts (2021 - 2031), Global and Regional Share, Trends, and Growth Opportunity Analysis
Antibiotic-loaded bone cement is also referred as Antibiotic-impregnated bone cement. It releases the antibiotic agent(s) into the surrounding tissue. The antibiotic loaded bone cement can be used for the treatment of infection during the surgery or can be used prophylactically to prevent the infection during surgery such as joint replacement surgery.
MARKET DYNAMICS
Increasing awareness about the therapeutic benefits of antibiotic-loaded bone cement application in orthopedic surgeries, rising number of geriatric population, rising adoption of antibiotic-loaded bone cement in major ortho-surgeries such as hip and knee joint infections. These are the major factors driving the Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement market.
MARKET SCOPE
The "Global Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Analysis to 2028" is a specialized and in-depth study with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. The report aims to provide an overview of Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market with detailed market segmentation by antibody type, application, and geography. The global Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.
MARKET SEGMENTATION
The global Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market is segmented on the antibody type, and application. Based on antibody type, the global Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market is segmented into Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Vancomycin, and Others. Based on the application, the Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market is segmented into joint, vertebral and others.
REGIONAL FRAMEWORK
The report provides a detailed overview of the industry including both qualitative and quantitative information. It provides overview and forecast of the global Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market based on various segments. It also provides market size and forecast estimates from year 2019 to2028with respect to five major regions, namely; North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South & Central America. The Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by each region is later sub-segmented by respective countries and segments. The report covers analysis and forecast of 18 countries globally along with current trend and opportunities prevailing in the region.
The report analyzes factors affecting Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market from both demand and supply side and further evaluates market dynamics effecting the market during the forecast period i.e., drivers, restraints, opportunities, and future trend. The report also provides exhaustive PEST analysis for all five regions namely; North America, Europe, APAC, MEA and South & Central America after evaluating political, economic, social and technological factors effecting the Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market in these regions.
![World Geography](https://www.theinsightpartners.com/assets/rdimages/world-geography.png)
Have a question?
![Analyst](https://www.theinsightpartners.com/assets/mrinal_kerhalkar.jpg)
Mrinal
Mrinal will walk you through a 15-minute call to present the report’s content and answer all queries if you have any.
![Analyst](https://www.theinsightpartners.com/assets/images/speak_analyst.gif)
- Sample PDF showcases the content structure and the nature of the information with qualitative and quantitative analysis.
- Request discounts available for Start-Ups & Universities
The report provides a detailed overview of the industry including both qualitative and quantitative information. It provides overview and forecast of the global Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market based on various segments. It also provides market size and forecast estimates from year 2019 to2028with respect to five major regions, namely; North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South & Central America. The Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by each region is later sub-segmented by respective countries and segments. The report covers analysis and forecast of 18 countries globally along with current trend and opportunities prevailing in the region.
The report analyzes factors affecting Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market from both demand and supply side and further evaluates market dynamics effecting the market during the forecast period i.e., drivers, restraints, opportunities, and future trend. The report also provides exhaustive PEST analysis for all five regions namely; North America, Europe, APAC, MEA and South & Central America after evaluating political, economic, social and technological factors effecting the Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market in these regions.
MARKET PLAYERS
The reports cover key developments in the Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market as organic and inorganic growth strategies. Various companies are focusing on organic growth strategies such as product launches, product approvals and others such as patents and events. Inorganic growth strategies activities witnessed in the market were acquisitions, and partnership & collaborations. These activities have paved way for expansion of business and customer base of market players. The market players from Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market are anticipated to lucrative growth opportunities in the future with the rising demand for activated carbon maskin the global market. Below mentioned is the list of fewcompanies engaged in the Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market.
The report also includes the profiles of key Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market companies along with their SWOT analysis and market strategies. In addition, the report focuses on leading industry players with information such as company profiles, components and services offered, financial information of last 3 years, key development in past five years.
- Stryker Corporation
- Zimmer Biomet
- Tecres s.p.a.
- DePuy Synthes
- Teknimed
- Exactech, Inc.
- Heraeus Holding
- Smith and Nephew
- Warsaw Orthopedic
- DJO Global
The Insight Partner's dedicated research and analysis team consist of experienced professionals with advanced statistical expertise and offer various customization options in the existing study.
- Sample PDF showcases the content structure and the nature of the information with qualitative and quantitative analysis.
- Request discounts available for Start-Ups & Universities
![Report Coverage](https://www.theinsightpartners.com/assets/rdimages/report_coverage.png)
Report Coverage
Revenue forecast, Company Analysis, Industry landscape, Growth factors, and Trends
![Segment Covered](https://www.theinsightpartners.com/assets/rdimages/segment_covered.png)
Segment Covered
This text is related
to segments covered.
![Regional Scope](https://www.theinsightpartners.com/assets/rdimages/regional_scope.png)
Regional Scope
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa, South & Central America
![Country Scope](https://www.theinsightpartners.com/assets/rdimages/country_scope.png)
Country Scope
This text is related
to country scope.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.2. THE INSIGHT PARTNERS RESEARCH REPORT GUIDANCE
1.3. MARKET SEGMENTATION
1.3.1 Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market - By Antibody Type
1.3.2 Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market - By Application
1.3.3 Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market - By Region
1.3.3.1 By Country
2. KEY TAKEAWAYS
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT MARKET LANDSCAPE
4.1. OVERVIEW
4.2. PEST ANALYSIS
4.2.1 North America - Pest Analysis
4.2.2 Europe - Pest Analysis
4.2.3 Asia-Pacific - Pest Analysis
4.2.4 Middle East and Africa - Pest Analysis
4.2.5 South and Central America - Pest Analysis
4.3. EXPERT OPINIONS
5. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT MARKET - KEY MARKET DYNAMICS
5.1. KEY MARKET DRIVERS
5.2. KEY MARKET RESTRAINTS
5.3. KEY MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
5.4. FUTURE TRENDS
5.5. IMPACT ANALYSIS OF DRIVERS AND RESTRAINTS
6. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT MARKET - GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS
6.1. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT - GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW
6.2. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT - GLOBAL MARKET AND FORECAST TO 2028
6.3. MARKET POSITIONING/MARKET SHARE
7. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT MARKET - REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2028 - ANTIBODY TYPE
7.1. OVERVIEW
7.2. ANTIBODY TYPE MARKET FORECASTS AND ANALYSIS
7.3. TOBRAMYCIN
7.3.1. Overview
7.3.2. Tobramycin Market Forecast and Analysis
7.4. GENTAMICIN
7.4.1. Overview
7.4.2. Gentamicin Market Forecast and Analysis
7.5. VANCOMYCIN
7.5.1. Overview
7.5.2. Vancomycin Market Forecast and Analysis
7.6. OTHERS
7.6.1. Overview
7.6.2. Others Market Forecast and Analysis
8. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT MARKET - REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2028 - APPLICATION
8.1. OVERVIEW
8.2. APPLICATION MARKET FORECASTS AND ANALYSIS
8.3. JOINT
8.3.1. Overview
8.3.2. Joint Market Forecast and Analysis
8.4. VERTEBRAL
8.4.1. Overview
8.4.2. Vertebral Market Forecast and Analysis
8.5. OTHERS
8.5.1. Overview
8.5.2. Others Market Forecast and Analysis
9. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT MARKET REVENUE AND FORECASTS TO 2028 - GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
9.1. NORTH AMERICA
9.1.1 North America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Overview
9.1.2 North America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis
9.1.3 North America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Antibody Type
9.1.4 North America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Application
9.1.5 North America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Countries
9.1.5.1 United States Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.1.5.1.1 United States Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.1.5.1.2 United States Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.1.5.2 Canada Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.1.5.2.1 Canada Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.1.5.2.2 Canada Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.1.5.3 Mexico Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.1.5.3.1 Mexico Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.1.5.3.2 Mexico Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.2. EUROPE
9.2.1 Europe Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Overview
9.2.2 Europe Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis
9.2.3 Europe Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Antibody Type
9.2.4 Europe Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Application
9.2.5 Europe Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Countries
9.2.5.1 Germany Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.2.5.1.1 Germany Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.2.5.1.2 Germany Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.2.5.2 France Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.2.5.2.1 France Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.2.5.2.2 France Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.2.5.3 Italy Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.2.5.3.1 Italy Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.2.5.3.2 Italy Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.2.5.4 Spain Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.2.5.4.1 Spain Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.2.5.4.2 Spain Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.2.5.5 United Kingdom Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.2.5.5.1 United Kingdom Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.2.5.5.2 United Kingdom Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.3. ASIA-PACIFIC
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Overview
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis
9.3.3 Asia-Pacific Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Antibody Type
9.3.4 Asia-Pacific Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Application
9.3.5 Asia-Pacific Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Countries
9.3.5.1 Australia Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.3.5.1.1 Australia Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.3.5.1.2 Australia Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.3.5.2 China Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.3.5.2.1 China Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.3.5.2.2 China Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.3.5.3 India Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.3.5.3.1 India Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.3.5.3.2 India Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.3.5.4 Japan Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.3.5.4.1 Japan Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.3.5.4.2 Japan Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.3.5.5 South Korea Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.3.5.5.1 South Korea Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.3.5.5.2 South Korea Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.4. MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
9.4.1 Middle East and Africa Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Overview
9.4.2 Middle East and Africa Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis
9.4.3 Middle East and Africa Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Antibody Type
9.4.4 Middle East and Africa Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Application
9.4.5 Middle East and Africa Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Countries
9.4.5.1 South Africa Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.4.5.1.1 South Africa Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.4.5.1.2 South Africa Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.4.5.2 Saudi Arabia Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.4.5.2.1 Saudi Arabia Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.4.5.2.2 Saudi Arabia Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.4.5.3 U.A.E Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.4.5.3.1 U.A.E Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.4.5.3.2 U.A.E Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.5. SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
9.5.1 South and Central America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Overview
9.5.2 South and Central America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis
9.5.3 South and Central America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Antibody Type
9.5.4 South and Central America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Application
9.5.5 South and Central America Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market Forecasts and Analysis - By Countries
9.5.5.1 Brazil Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.5.5.1.1 Brazil Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.5.5.1.2 Brazil Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
9.5.5.2 Argentina Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market
9.5.5.2.1 Argentina Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Antibody Type
9.5.5.2.2 Argentina Antibiotic-loaded Bone Cement Market by Application
10. IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON GLOBAL ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT MARKET
10.1 North America
10.2 Europe
10.3 Asia-Pacific
10.4 Rest of the World
11. INDUSTRY LANDSCAPE
11.1. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
11.2. AGREEMENTS, COLLABORATIONS AND JOIN VENTURES
11.3. NEW PRODUCT LAUNCHES
11.4. EXPANSIONS AND OTHER STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS
12. ANTIBIOTIC-LOADED BONE CEMENT MARKET, KEY COMPANY PROFILES
12.1. STRYKER CORPORATION
12.1.1. Key Facts
12.1.2. Business Description
12.1.3. Products and Services
12.1.4. Financial Overview
12.1.5. SWOT Analysis
12.1.6. Key Developments
12.2. ZIMMER BIOMET
12.2.1. Key Facts
12.2.2. Business Description
12.2.3. Products and Services
12.2.4. Financial Overview
12.2.5. SWOT Analysis
12.2.6. Key Developments
12.3. TECRES S.P.A.
12.3.1. Key Facts
12.3.2. Business Description
12.3.3. Products and Services
12.3.4. Financial Overview
12.3.5. SWOT Analysis
12.3.6. Key Developments
12.4. DEPUY SYNTHES
12.4.1. Key Facts
12.4.2. Business Description
12.4.3. Products and Services
12.4.4. Financial Overview
12.4.5. SWOT Analysis
12.4.6. Key Developments
12.5. TEKNIMED
12.5.1. Key Facts
12.5.2. Business Description
12.5.3. Products and Services
12.5.4. Financial Overview
12.5.5. SWOT Analysis
12.5.6. Key Developments
12.6. EXACTECH, INC.
12.6.1. Key Facts
12.6.2. Business Description
12.6.3. Products and Services
12.6.4. Financial Overview
12.6.5. SWOT Analysis
12.6.6. Key Developments
12.7. HERAEUS HOLDING
12.7.1. Key Facts
12.7.2. Business Description
12.7.3. Products and Services
12.7.4. Financial Overview
12.7.5. SWOT Analysis
12.7.6. Key Developments
12.8. SMITH AND NEPHEW
12.8.1. Key Facts
12.8.2. Business Description
12.8.3. Products and Services
12.8.4. Financial Overview
12.8.5. SWOT Analysis
12.8.6. Key Developments
12.9. WARSAW ORTHOPEDIC
12.9.1. Key Facts
12.9.2. Business Description
12.9.3. Products and Services
12.9.4. Financial Overview
12.9.5. SWOT Analysis
12.9.6. Key Developments
12.10. DJO GLOBAL
12.10.1. Key Facts
12.10.2. Business Description
12.10.3. Products and Services
12.10.4. Financial Overview
12.10.5. SWOT Analysis
12.10.6. Key Developments
13. APPENDIX
13.1. ABOUT THE INSIGHT PARTNERS
13.2. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1. Stryker Corporation
2. Zimmer Biomet
3. Tecres s.p.a.
4. DePuy Synthes
5. Teknimed
6. Exactech, Inc.
7. Heraeus Holding
8. Smith and Nephew
9. Warsaw Orthopedic
10. DJO Global
The Insight Partners performs research in 4 major stages: Data Collection & Secondary Research, Primary Research, Data Analysis and Data Triangulation & Final Review.
- Data Collection and Secondary Research:
As a market research and consulting firm operating from a decade, we have published many reports and advised several clients across the globe. First step for any study will start with an assessment of currently available data and insights from existing reports. Further, historical and current market information is collected from Investor Presentations, Annual Reports, SEC Filings, etc., and other information related to company’s performance and market positioning are gathered from Paid Databases (Factiva, Hoovers, and Reuters) and various other publications available in public domain.
Several associations trade associates, technical forums, institutes, societies and organizations are accessed to gain technical as well as market related insights through their publications such as research papers, blogs and press releases related to the studies are referred to get cues about the market. Further, white papers, journals, magazines, and other news articles published in the last 3 years are scrutinized and analyzed to understand the current market trends.
- Primary Research:
The primarily interview analysis comprise of data obtained from industry participants interview and answers to survey questions gathered by in-house primary team.
For primary research, interviews are conducted with industry experts/CEOs/Marketing Managers/Sales Managers/VPs/Subject Matter Experts from both demand and supply side to get a 360-degree view of the market. The primary team conducts several interviews based on the complexity of the markets to understand the various market trends and dynamics which makes research more credible and precise.
A typical research interview fulfils the following functions:
- Provides first-hand information on the market size, market trends, growth trends, competitive landscape, and outlook
- Validates and strengthens in-house secondary research findings
- Develops the analysis team’s expertise and market understanding
Primary research involves email interactions and telephone interviews for each market, category, segment, and sub-segment across geographies. The participants who typically take part in such a process include, but are not limited to:
- Industry participants: VPs, business development managers, market intelligence managers and national sales managers
- Outside experts: Valuation experts, research analysts and key opinion leaders specializing in the electronics and semiconductor industry.
Below is the breakup of our primary respondents by company, designation, and region:
Once we receive the confirmation from primary research sources or primary respondents, we finalize the base year market estimation and forecast the data as per the macroeconomic and microeconomic factors assessed during data collection.
- Data Analysis:
Once data is validated through both secondary as well as primary respondents, we finalize the market estimations by hypothesis formulation and factor analysis at regional and country level.
- 3.1 Macro-Economic Factor Analysis:
We analyse macroeconomic indicators such the gross domestic product (GDP), increase in the demand for goods and services across industries, technological advancement, regional economic growth, governmental policies, the influence of COVID-19, PEST analysis, and other aspects. This analysis aids in setting benchmarks for various nations/regions and approximating market splits. Additionally, the general trend of the aforementioned components aid in determining the market's development possibilities.
- 3.2 Country Level Data:
Various factors that are especially aligned to the country are taken into account to determine the market size for a certain area and country, including the presence of vendors, such as headquarters and offices, the country's GDP, demand patterns, and industry growth. To comprehend the market dynamics for the nation, a number of growth variables, inhibitors, application areas, and current market trends are researched. The aforementioned elements aid in determining the country's overall market's growth potential.
- 3.3 Company Profile:
The “Table of Contents” is formulated by listing and analyzing more than 25 - 30 companies operating in the market ecosystem across geographies. However, we profile only 10 companies as a standard practice in our syndicate reports. These 10 companies comprise leading, emerging, and regional players. Nonetheless, our analysis is not restricted to the 10 listed companies, we also analyze other companies present in the market to develop a holistic view and understand the prevailing trends. The “Company Profiles” section in the report covers key facts, business description, products & services, financial information, SWOT analysis, and key developments. The financial information presented is extracted from the annual reports and official documents of the publicly listed companies. Upon collecting the information for the sections of respective companies, we verify them via various primary sources and then compile the data in respective company profiles. The company level information helps us in deriving the base number as well as in forecasting the market size.
- 3.4 Developing Base Number:
Aggregation of sales statistics (2020-2022) and macro-economic factor, and other secondary and primary research insights are utilized to arrive at base number and related market shares for 2022. The data gaps are identified in this step and relevant market data is analyzed, collected from paid primary interviews or databases. On finalizing the base year market size, forecasts are developed on the basis of macro-economic, industry and market growth factors and company level analysis.
- Data Triangulation and Final Review:
The market findings and base year market size calculations are validated from supply as well as demand side. Demand side validations are based on macro-economic factor analysis and benchmarks for respective regions and countries. In case of supply side validations, revenues of major companies are estimated (in case not available) based on industry benchmark, approximate number of employees, product portfolio, and primary interviews revenues are gathered. Further revenue from target product/service segment is assessed to avoid overshooting of market statistics. In case of heavy deviations between supply and demand side values, all thes steps are repeated to achieve synchronization.
We follow an iterative model, wherein we share our research findings with Subject Matter Experts (SME’s) and Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) until consensus view of the market is not formulated – this model negates any drastic deviation in the opinions of experts. Only validated and universally acceptable research findings are quoted in our reports.
We have important check points that we use to validate our research findings – which we call – data triangulation, where we validate the information, we generate from secondary sources with primary interviews and then we re-validate with our internal data bases and Subject matter experts. This comprehensive model enables us to deliver high quality, reliable data in shortest possible time.