Europe Medical Device Adhesives Market to Grow at a CAGR of 7.0% to reach US$ 2,937.41 Million from 2020 to 2027
The Europe medical device adhesive market is expected to reach US$ 2,937.41 million by 2027 from US$ 1,723.16 million in 2019; it is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 7.0% from 2020 to 2027.
The increasing usage of medical device adhesive and technological advancements in medical device adhesive are the key factors driving the growth of medical device adhesive. However, complications associated with the medical device adhesive is the major factor hindering the market growth in Europe.Medical device adhesive are the adhesives that are manufactured as per the medical grades. They are mainly used for assembling medical devices. They also help to optimize assembly speeds to enable better processing, greater output as well as lowering the associated costs. During recent years, along with the technological developments in medical device industry, the demand for medical device adhesive has also increased significantly.
Medical adhesives and sealants are among the largely utilized consumables in the healthcare-related services. The adhesives are used in medical tapes, transdermal patches, medical devices assembling, and other applications. The key players in the market offer an excellent range of medical tapes as per the clinical applications. Further, in recent years there have been conduction of various international and national studies that address the toxicological evaluation of medical devices. Expedition of biocompatibility of medical devices has emerged as a mandatory parameter for manufacturers of medical device and their accessory solutions. The major manufacturing device companies such as Henkel AG & Company and others are now focused on the development of biocompatible and eco-friendly solutions in the recent years, owing to the advantages offered by these solutions and their role in preventing environment damage. Thus, introduction of biocompatible medical adhesives is likely to be a prevalent market trend in the coming years.
The European economy is severely affected due to the exponential growth of COVID-19 cases in the region. Various companies have undergone severe losses in the last quarter of 2019 and have negatively impacted the year 2020. Thus, the European companies are partnering with others to come up with solutions to deal with the pandemic. For instance, Permabond’s production facilities in Milan, are allowed to remain fully operational under the life-sustaining business due to its adhesives for medical devices and ventilators at this time, but also due to the many other essential industries that rely on the continuation of supply of its adhesives for their production and operations. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the regional medical device adhesive market is moderate.
Rest of Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Mn)
EUROPE MEDICAL DEVICE ADHESIVE MARKET SEGMENTATION
By Resin Type
- Acrylic
- Silicone
- Cynoacrylates
- Polyurethane
- Light Curing
- Epoxy
By Device Type
- Catheters
- Wearable Medical Devices
- Smartwatches
- Wristband and Activity Monitors
- Patches
- Smart Clothing
- Needles and Syringes
- Pacemaker
- Tube Sets
- Masks
- High
By Country
- Germany
- UK
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
Company Profiles
- 3M
- Henkel AG & COMPANY, KGAA
- Hönle AG
- H.B. Fuller Company
- Permabond LLC, Inc
Report Coverage
Revenue forecast, Company Analysis, Industry landscape, Growth factors, and Trends
Segment Covered
Resin Type, Device Type, and Country
Regional Scope
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa, South & Central America
Country Scope
UK, Germany, France, Italy, Russia
1. Introduction
1.1 Scope of the Study
1.2 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
1.3 Market Segmentation
1.3.1 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market – By Resin Type
1.3.2 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market – By Device Type
1.3.3 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market – By Country
2. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market – Key Takeaways
3. Research Methodology
3.1 Coverage
3.2 Secondary Research
3.3 Primary Research
4. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market – Market Landscape
4.1 Overview
4.2 PEST Analysis
4.2.1 Medical Device Adhesive Market - Europe PEST Analysis
5. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market - Key Market Dynamics
5.1 Key Market Drivers
5.1.1 Increasing Usage of Medical Device Adhesive
5.1.2 Technological Advancements in Medical Device Adhesive
5.2 Market Restraint
5.2.1 Complications Associated with Medical Device Adhesive
5.3 Market Opportunity
5.3.1 Rapid Surge in Number of Minimally Invasive Procedures
5.4 Future Trend
5.4.1 Increasing Adoption of Eco-Friendly and Biocompatible Solutions
5.5 Impact Analysis
6. Medical Device Adhesive Market – Europe Analysis
6.1 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Revenue Forecasts and Analysis
7. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Analysis and Forecasts To 2027 – By Resin Type
7.1 Overview
7.2 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market, By Resin Type 2019 & 2027 (%)
7.2.1 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027, By Resin Type (US$ Mn)
7.3 Acrylic
7.3.1.1 Overview
7.3.2 Europe Acrylic Market Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Mn)
7.4 Silicone
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.1.1 Europe Silicone Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
7.5 Cyanoacrylate
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Europe Cyanoacrylate Market Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Mn)
7.6 Polyurethanes
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Europe Polyurethanes Market Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Mn)
7.7 Light Curing
7.7.1 Overview
7.7.2 Europe Light Curing Market Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Mn)
7.8 Epoxy
7.8.1 Overview
7.8.2 Europe Epoxy Market Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Analysis and Forecasts To 2027 – By Device Type
8.1 Overview
8.2 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market, By Device Type 2019 & 2027 (%)
8.2.1 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027, By Device Type (US$ Mn)
8.3 Catheters
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Europe Catheters Market Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.4 Wearable Medical Devices
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Europe Wearable Medical Devices Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.4.3 Smartwatches
8.4.3.1 Overview
8.4.3.2 Europe Smartwatches Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.4.4 Wristband and Activity Monitors
8.4.4.1 Overview
8.4.4.2 Europe Wristband and Activity Monitors Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.4.5 Patches
8.4.5.1 Overview
8.4.5.2 Europe Patches Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.4.6 Smart Clothing
8.4.6.1 Overview
8.4.6.2 Europe Smart Clothing Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.5 Needles and Syringes
8.5.1.1 Overview
8.5.2 Europe Needles and Syringes Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.6 Pacemaker
8.6.1.1 Overview
8.6.2 Europe Pacemaker Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.7 Tube Sets
8.7.1 Overview
8.7.2 Europe Tube Sets Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
8.8 Masks
8.8.1 Overview
8.8.2 Europe Masks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
9. Medical Device Adhesive Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2027 – Geographical Analysis
9.1 Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2027
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, - Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.3 Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.4 Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.4.1 Europe: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.5 Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Country, 2019 & 2027 (%)
9.1.6 Germany: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.6.1 Germany: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.6.2 Germany: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.6.3 Germany: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.6.3.1 Germany: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.7 UK: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.7.1 UK: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.7.2 UK: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.7.3 UK: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.7.3.1 UK: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.8 France: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.8.1 France: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.8.2 France: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.8.3 France: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.8.3.1 France: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.9 Italy: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.9.1 Italy: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.9.2 Italy: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.9.3 Italy: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.9.3.1 Italy: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.10 Spain: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.10.1 Spain: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.10.2 Spain: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.10.3 Spain: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.10.3.1 Spain: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.11 Rest of Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.11.1 Rest of Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.11.2 Rest of Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.11.3 Rest of Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
9.1.11.3.1 Rest of Europe: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
10. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market
10.1 Europe: Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic
11. Company Profiles
11.1 Henkel AG & COMPANY, KGAA
11.1.1 Key Facts
11.1.2 Business Description
11.1.3 Products and Services
11.1.4 Financial Overview
11.1.5 SWOT Analysis
11.1.6 Key Developments
11.2 Hönle AG
11.2.1 Key Facts
11.2.2 Business Description
11.2.3 Products and Services
11.2.4 Financial Overview
11.2.5 SWOT Analysis
11.2.6 Key Developments
11.3 H.B. Fuller Company
11.3.1 Key Facts
11.3.2 Business Description
11.3.3 Products and Services
11.3.4 Financial Overview
11.3.5 SWOT Analysis
11.3.6 Key Developments
11.4 Permabond LLC
11.4.1 Key Facts
11.4.2 Business Description
11.4.3 Products and Services
11.4.4 Financial Overview
11.4.5 SWOT Analysis
11.4.6 Key Developments
11.5 3M
11.5.1 Key Facts
11.5.2 Business Description
11.5.3 Products and Services
11.5.4 Financial Overview
11.5.5 SWOT Analysis
11.5.6 Key Developments
12. Appendix
12.1 About the Insight Partners
12.2 Glossary of Terms
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2027, By Resin Type (US$ Mn)
Table 2. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Revenue and Forecasts To 2027, By Device Type (US$ Mn)
Table 3. Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 4. Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 5. Europe: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 6. Germany: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 7. Germany: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 8. Germany: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 9. UK: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 10. UK: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 11. UK: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 12. France: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 13. France: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 14. France: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 15. Italy: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 16. Italy: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 17. Italy: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 18. Spain: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 19. Spain: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 20. Spain: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 21. Rest of Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Resin Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 22. Rest of Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Device Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 23. Rest of Europe: Wearable Devices Market, by Type – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Table 24. Glossary of Terms, Medical Adhesive and Sealants Market
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Medical Device Adhesive Market Segmentation
Figure 2. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market Overview
Figure 3. Acrylic Segment Held Largest Share of Medical Device Adhesive Market
Figure 4. Germany is Expected to Show Remarkable Growth During the Forecast Period
Figure 5. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market - Leading Country Markets (US$ Mn)
Figure 6. Medical Device Adhesive Market - Europe PEST Analysis
Figure 7. Medical Device Adhesive Market Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraint
Figure 8. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue Forecasts and Analysis – 2019- 2027
Figure 9. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market, By Resin Type 2019 & 2027 (%)
Figure 10. Europe Acrylic Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 11. Europe Silicone Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 12. Europe Cyanoacrylate Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 13. Europe Polyurethanes Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 14. Europe Light Curing Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 15. Europe Epoxy Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 16. Europe Medical Device Adhesive Market, By Device Type 2019 & 2027 (%)
Figure 17. Europe Catheters Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 18. Europe Wearable Medical Devices Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 19. Europe Smartwatches Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 20. Europe Wristband and Activity Monitors Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 21. Europe Patches Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 22. Europe Smart Clothing Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 23. Europe Needles and Syringes Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 24. Europe Pacemaker Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 25. Europe Tube Sets Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 26. Europe Masks Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)
Figure 27. Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Key Country – Revenue (2019) (USD Million)
Figure 28. Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 29. Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market, by Country, 2019 & 2027 (%)
Figure 30. Germany: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 31. UK: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 32. France: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 33. Italy: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 34. Spain: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 35. Rest of Europe: Medical Device Adhesive Market – Revenue and Forecast to 2027 (USD Million)
Figure 36. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Device Adhesive market in European Countries
The List of Companies - Europe Medical Device Adhesives Market
- 3M
- Henkel AG & COMPANY, KGAA
- Hönle AG
- H.B. Fuller Company
- Permabond LLC, Inc
The Insight Partners performs research in 4 major stages: Data Collection & Secondary Research, Primary Research, Data Analysis and Data Triangulation & Final Review.
- Data Collection and Secondary Research:
As a market research and consulting firm operating from a decade, we have published many reports and advised several clients across the globe. First step for any study will start with an assessment of currently available data and insights from existing reports. Further, historical and current market information is collected from Investor Presentations, Annual Reports, SEC Filings, etc., and other information related to company’s performance and market positioning are gathered from Paid Databases (Factiva, Hoovers, and Reuters) and various other publications available in public domain.
Several associations trade associates, technical forums, institutes, societies and organizations are accessed to gain technical as well as market related insights through their publications such as research papers, blogs and press releases related to the studies are referred to get cues about the market. Further, white papers, journals, magazines, and other news articles published in the last 3 years are scrutinized and analyzed to understand the current market trends.
- Primary Research:
The primarily interview analysis comprise of data obtained from industry participants interview and answers to survey questions gathered by in-house primary team.
For primary research, interviews are conducted with industry experts/CEOs/Marketing Managers/Sales Managers/VPs/Subject Matter Experts from both demand and supply side to get a 360-degree view of the market. The primary team conducts several interviews based on the complexity of the markets to understand the various market trends and dynamics which makes research more credible and precise.
A typical research interview fulfils the following functions:
- Provides first-hand information on the market size, market trends, growth trends, competitive landscape, and outlook
- Validates and strengthens in-house secondary research findings
- Develops the analysis team’s expertise and market understanding
Primary research involves email interactions and telephone interviews for each market, category, segment, and sub-segment across geographies. The participants who typically take part in such a process include, but are not limited to:
- Industry participants: VPs, business development managers, market intelligence managers and national sales managers
- Outside experts: Valuation experts, research analysts and key opinion leaders specializing in the electronics and semiconductor industry.
Below is the breakup of our primary respondents by company, designation, and region:
Once we receive the confirmation from primary research sources or primary respondents, we finalize the base year market estimation and forecast the data as per the macroeconomic and microeconomic factors assessed during data collection.
- Data Analysis:
Once data is validated through both secondary as well as primary respondents, we finalize the market estimations by hypothesis formulation and factor analysis at regional and country level.
- 3.1 Macro-Economic Factor Analysis:
We analyse macroeconomic indicators such the gross domestic product (GDP), increase in the demand for goods and services across industries, technological advancement, regional economic growth, governmental policies, the influence of COVID-19, PEST analysis, and other aspects. This analysis aids in setting benchmarks for various nations/regions and approximating market splits. Additionally, the general trend of the aforementioned components aid in determining the market's development possibilities.
- 3.2 Country Level Data:
Various factors that are especially aligned to the country are taken into account to determine the market size for a certain area and country, including the presence of vendors, such as headquarters and offices, the country's GDP, demand patterns, and industry growth. To comprehend the market dynamics for the nation, a number of growth variables, inhibitors, application areas, and current market trends are researched. The aforementioned elements aid in determining the country's overall market's growth potential.
- 3.3 Company Profile:
The “Table of Contents” is formulated by listing and analyzing more than 25 - 30 companies operating in the market ecosystem across geographies. However, we profile only 10 companies as a standard practice in our syndicate reports. These 10 companies comprise leading, emerging, and regional players. Nonetheless, our analysis is not restricted to the 10 listed companies, we also analyze other companies present in the market to develop a holistic view and understand the prevailing trends. The “Company Profiles” section in the report covers key facts, business description, products & services, financial information, SWOT analysis, and key developments. The financial information presented is extracted from the annual reports and official documents of the publicly listed companies. Upon collecting the information for the sections of respective companies, we verify them via various primary sources and then compile the data in respective company profiles. The company level information helps us in deriving the base number as well as in forecasting the market size.
- 3.4 Developing Base Number:
Aggregation of sales statistics (2020-2022) and macro-economic factor, and other secondary and primary research insights are utilized to arrive at base number and related market shares for 2022. The data gaps are identified in this step and relevant market data is analyzed, collected from paid primary interviews or databases. On finalizing the base year market size, forecasts are developed on the basis of macro-economic, industry and market growth factors and company level analysis.
- Data Triangulation and Final Review:
The market findings and base year market size calculations are validated from supply as well as demand side. Demand side validations are based on macro-economic factor analysis and benchmarks for respective regions and countries. In case of supply side validations, revenues of major companies are estimated (in case not available) based on industry benchmark, approximate number of employees, product portfolio, and primary interviews revenues are gathered. Further revenue from target product/service segment is assessed to avoid overshooting of market statistics. In case of heavy deviations between supply and demand side values, all thes steps are repeated to achieve synchronization.
We follow an iterative model, wherein we share our research findings with Subject Matter Experts (SME’s) and Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) until consensus view of the market is not formulated – this model negates any drastic deviation in the opinions of experts. Only validated and universally acceptable research findings are quoted in our reports.
We have important check points that we use to validate our research findings – which we call – data triangulation, where we validate the information, we generate from secondary sources with primary interviews and then we re-validate with our internal data bases and Subject matter experts. This comprehensive model enables us to deliver high quality, reliable data in shortest possible time.
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